The use of working memory (WM) is ubiquitous and a number of definitions for WM have been proposed by researchers that reflect the diverging theoretical views of individual scientists ( Cowan, 2017). Taken together, FLJ is a potential candidate to develop functional materials for enhancing anti-oxidant human health applications. The study concluded that FLJ enhanced the antioxidant defense-related enzyme secretion (superoxide dismutase, SOD and catalase, CAT) in healthy individuals (25–60 years old). (2012) also noticed FLJ has the potential to stimulate anti-oxidant activities in healthy individuals. japonica (FLJ) with Lactobacillus brevis BJ20 has greater potential to induce 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging, superoxide scavenging, and xanthine oxidase inhibition than the commercial antioxidant (butylated hydroxyanisole) tested in the study. japonica was fermented with lactic acid bacteria ( Lactobacillus spp.) to increase palatability, nutritional value, and preservative and medicinal properties. japonica have been found to possess interesting bioactive qualities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties ( Choi et al., 2012 Kang et al., 2018 Lu et al., 2013 Zha et al., 2012). In addition to the traditional applications, secondary metabolites such as fucoidans, phlorotannins, pigments, and sterols isolated from L. japonica is also popular as a snack and pickled in vinegar ( Choi et al., 2012). japonica (5–6 cm long strips) is popular as a condiment and soup ingredient. In addition to its medicinal applications, sliced L. japonica is used as a treatment for gall disease, hard lump, edema, tuberculosis, detumescence, beriberi disease, phlegm elimination, and weight loss in East Asian countries ( Asanka Sanjeewa & Jeon, 2018 Fang et al., 2015). japonica has been used as a drug in traditional Korean, Chinese, and Japanese medicine for thousands of years ( Zha et al., 2012). japonica farms are established in seaside areas of Korea and China to meet the significant demand for this seaweed in local markets ( Asanka Sanjeewa & Jeon, 2018 Wang et al., 2008). Laminaria japonica, an edible brown seaweed, is widely consumed in East Asian countries as a food source. Our results suggest that FLJ is a potential candidate to develop functional materials reflecting its capability to induce antioxidant mechanisms together with WM-related indices. Furthermore, FLJ improved physical activities related to cognitive functions such as K-WAIS-IV, MoCA-K, Paired Associates Learning, and Spatial Working Memory compared to the placebo group. FLJ reduced the level of TBARS, MDA, and 8-oxo-dG in serum. According to the results, FLJ significantly increased the level of CAT, BDNF, HGH, and IGF-1. Furthermore, the Korean Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (K-WAIS)-IV, and the Korean version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-K) were used to assess the pre and post intake changes on WM-related properties. In addition, standardized cognitive tests were conducted using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Batteries. ![]() Memory-related blood indices (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF angiotensin-converting enzyme human growth hormone, HGH insulin-like growth factor-1, IGF-1) and antioxidant function-related indices (catalase, CAT malondialdehyde, MDA 8-oxo-2’-deoxyguanosine, 8-oxo-dG thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS) were determined before and after the trial. Eighty participants were divided into a placebo group (n = 40) and FLJ group (n = 40) that received FLJ (1.5 g/day) for 6 weeks. A randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical study was used to determine the cognitive functions related to working memory (WM) and antioxidant properties of fermented Laminaria japonica (FLJ) on healthy volunteers.
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